![]() ![]() In the US, EVs are expected to increase from 5% to 25% of all cars sold by 2030. The increasing popularity of EVs has led to a surge in demand for lithium-ion batteries used to power these vehicles. Finding an environmentally sustainable way of recovering these minerals from waste is critical. The spent LIBs could be considered the secondary source of these minerals. Additionally, the accelerating production of LIBs in the line of clean-energy technologies has led to a strong demand for minerals such as lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn). In this case, recycling LIBs is recommended to reduce energy consumption, mitigate GHG emissions, and result in considerable waste savings. LIBs are one of the main contributors to emitting greenhouse gasses (GHG) during EV manufacturing. LIB applications are often labeled as “zero emissions.” However, this ignores the supply chain emissions generated in the procurement and production stages. Most components of LIBs can be recycled, but the cost of material recovery remains a challenge for the industry. Hence new solutions are needed for recycling and reuse of materials used in LIBs. Current challenges facing this industry revolve around reducing their relatively high cost (due to limited supply), extending their lifetime, and addressing safety concerns about overheating leading to explosions. The exact chemistry of these batteries often varies from those used for consumer electronics. Most of today’s all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use lithium-ion batteries. They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, energy efficiency, high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are now used in cell phones, laptops, and electric vehicles (EVs) because of their high energy per unit mass relative to other electrical energy storage systems. ![]()
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